SS31 50mg

▎ SS-31 ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖo

▎ SS-31 Numekuku

Nukae nye numekuku si wowɔ le SS-31 ŋu?

Numekuku si wowɔ le SS-31 ŋu la tso mitochondria ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie kple seɖoƒe siwo le atikewɔwɔmɔnu siwo li fifia ŋu gɔmesese deto gbɔ. Mitochondria le vevie ŋutɔ na lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple dɔwɔwɔ, eye woƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie do ƒome kple dɔléle vovovowo, abe ayikudɔ, ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie, kple dzidɔ ene ƒe gɔmedzedze kple woƒe ŋgɔyiyi. Le nɔnɔme siawo me la, nusiwo mesɔ o dona le mitochondria ƒe agbenɔnɔ, nɔnɔme, dɔwɔwɔ, kple tɔtrɔ siwo le ŋusẽ me me, si wɔnɛ be mitochondria nyea atikewɔwɔ ƒe taɖodzinu vevi aɖe. Togbɔ be atike geɖe siwo woɖo ɖe mitochondria ŋu li—siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye NAD+ kpeɖeŋutɔ abe nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), ametakpɔnu si woɖo ɖe mitochondria ŋu si nye MitoQ, kple antioxidant coenzyme Q10 hã la—atike xoxowo dzea ŋgɔ seɖoƒe le dɔdamɔnu me le mitochondria ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ nyuie alo aɖi si sɔ gbɔ ta. Eyata ehiã kpata be woato atikewɔmɔnu siwo wɔa dɔ nyuie wu, siwo ŋu woɖo taɖodzinu ɖo vɛ.

Dzidɔ si nuteɖeamedzi hena vɛ nye nu vevi siwo gbɔ dzidɔ tsona le xexeame katã dometɔ ɖeka, eye eƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete do ƒome kplikplikpli kple mitochondria ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie kple dzitodzito me lãkusi ƒe lãkusi ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie. De dzesi atikewɔwɔmɔnu nyuiwo le vevie ŋutɔ be dɔnɔwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nanyo ɖe edzi. Le nɔnɔme sia ta la, numekulawo to SS-31, si nye antioxidant yeye aɖe si wotu ɖe mitochondria dzi, vɛ be woatsɔ akpɔ dɔléle siwo do ƒome kple mitochondria ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie ƒe atikewɔwɔ ƒe hiahiãwo gbɔ. Ewɔa dɔ ɖe mitochondrial membrane ememetɔ dzi koŋ, si naa mitochondria ƒe wɔwɔme kple dɔwɔwɔ li ke esime wòɖea oxidative stress dzi kpɔtɔna, si ɖea eƒe dɔwɔwɔ fiana le dɔléle geɖe ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo me.

Nukae nye SS-31 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnu?

Mitochondrial membrane ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi kpɔkpɔ

Kadodo kple cardiolipin: Elamipretide toa gota gome mitochondrial membrane eye wòblana ɖe cardiolipin ŋu. Cardiolipin nye phospholipid ƒe akpa vevi aɖe le mitochondrial membrane ememetɔ me, si wɔa akpa vevi aɖe le mitochondrial ƒe wɔwɔme kple dɔwɔwɔ me léle ɖe asi me. To kadodo sia me la, Elamipretide nana mitochondrial bioenergetics kple morphology nyona ɖe edzi. Dɔwɔwɔ sia dzena abe mitochondria ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dzidziɖedzi kabakaba le lãmenugbagbevi siwo ŋu ŋusẽ geɖe le siwo wodo ɖa me ene, vevietɔ le lãmenugbagbevi siwo wokpɔ tso dɔnɔ siwo ŋu Barth ƒe dɔlélea kple ɖeviwo ƒe dzitodzito me dɔléle bubu siwo ƒe dome wonyi gbɔ ^{[1] .}.

Trɔtrɔ le lãkusi ƒe dzɔdzɔmenɔnɔmewo ŋu: Mitchell W ƒe numekuku ɖee fia be Elamipretide wɔa dɔ kple lipid bilayer, si trɔa asi le mitochondrial membrane ƒe dzɔdzɔmenɔnɔmewo ŋu, vevietɔ elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nɔnɔme siwo le lãkusia ƒe domedome. Peptide sia ma ɖe membrane interface nuto me kple affinity kple binding density si do ƒome tẽ kple surface charge. Togbɔ be menaa lamellar bilayer la meli ke le kadodo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ gã me o hã la, ehea saturation ƒe tɔtrɔwo vɛ le lipid stacking me, si wɔnɛ be wòkpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe mitochondrial membrane ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ^[2]..

Figure 1 Nusiwo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe dzi ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ kple eƒe didi dzi ^{[1] .}.

Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖoa Takpɔkpɔ

Sidzedze ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ Dodo Ðe Ŋgɔ: Le ŋkuɖoɖonudzi ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si lipopolysaccharide (LPS) hena vɛ me la, Elamipretide zazã na nusɔsrɔ̃ kple ŋkuɖoɖonudzi ŋutetewo nyo ɖe edzi ŋutɔ le Morris tsi ƒe maze (MWM) kple teƒe si woɖo vɔvɔ̃ dodokpɔwo me. Ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi sia ate ŋu ado ƒome kple eƒe mitochondria ƒe dɔwɔwɔ takpɔkpɔ, oxidative stress dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ, ahɔhɔ̃ me ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ (BDNF) ƒe dzesimɔ ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ, kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe wɔwɔme ƒe sesẽme ƒe nyonyome. LPS dɔdamɔnu na mitochondria ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie, oxidative stress, dɔdzẽ, ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe apoptosis, kple dendritic spine ƒe bu le mouse hippocampus me, esime Elamipretide ɖe abi siawo dzi kpɔtɔ, si ɖee fia be ŋutete le mɔxexe ɖe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie (PND) nu le dɔwɔwɔ nɛ me ^[3]..

Mɔxexe Ðe Ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe Apoptosis Nu: Le aklã ƒe abixɔxɔ (SCI) ŋuti numekukuwo me la, Elamipretide doa dɔwɔwɔ ƒe hayahaya ɖe ŋgɔ to pyroptosis nutsitsi, autophagy dodo ɖe ŋgɔ, kple lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ me. Edoa autophagy ɖe ŋgɔ to mɔxexe ɖe cPLA2 phosphorylation nu esime wòɖea pyroptosis kple LMP dzi kpɔtɔna. Eyata Elamipretide wɔa akpa vevi aɖe le ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe abiwo dzadzraɖo me to lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ geɖe dzi kpɔkpɔ, ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ, kple ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe hayahaya dodo ɖe ŋgɔ me ^[4]..

Nɔnɔmetata 2 Elamipretide (SS-31) ɖe oxidative stress kple dɔdzẽ ƒe ŋuɖoɖo si LPS hena vɛ le mouse hippocampus me dzi kpɔtɔ. a Reactive oxygen species (ROS) ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ, b malondialdehyde (MDA) ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ, kple c superoxide dismutase (SOD) ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ^{[3] .}.

Nukae nye SS-31 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ?

Ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe Dɔlélewo

Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Dada: Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) ate ŋu ana ŋku ƒe nukpɔkpɔ nabu tegbee le orbital trauma si me mekɔ o ta. Numekukuwo ku nu me le ahɔhɔ̃mekawo takpɔkpɔ ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi si SS-31 si wotsɔ kpe ɖe tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor etanercept wɔna ɖe ŋku ƒe lãkusi ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo (RGCs) dzi le ŋku ƒe abixɔxɔ megbe ŋu. Tse BC ƒe numekuku si wozã mouse ultrasound-induced TON model (SI-TON) ɖee fia be SS-31 dodo ɖe ŋkume tsɔ kpe ɖe etanercept kple SS-31 dodo ɖe ŋutigbalẽ te ŋu dzi RGC ƒe agbetsitsi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ 21% (p < 0.01) ne wotsɔe sɔ kple ŋku siwo wotsɔ phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) da dɔe. Etanercept kple SS-31 dodo ɖe ŋutigbalẽ te ƒo ƒu na RGC ƒe agbetsitsi dzi ɖe edzi 11% (p < 0.05) ne wotsɔe sɔ kple amesiwo ŋu wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo; etanercept ɖeɖeko dodo ɖe ŋutigbalẽ te dzi RGC ƒe agbetsitsi ɖe edzi 20% (p < 0.01) ne wotsɔe sɔ kple amesiwo ŋu wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo; SS-31 dodo ɖe ŋutigbalẽ te ɖeɖe dzaa na RGC ƒe agbetsitsi dzi ɖe edzi 17% ne wotsɔe sɔ kple ƒuƒoƒo si me wokpɔa wo gbɔ le (p < 0.01). Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo siawo ɖee fia be SS-31 kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe RGCwo ta le ŋku ƒe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔléle si gblẽa nu le ame ŋu dada me, si wɔnɛ be ŋku ƒe nukpɔkpɔ ƒe ŋutete nyona ɖe edzi le TON dɔnɔwo me ^[5]..

Ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe Dɔléle Siwo Do Ƒome Kple α-Synuclein ƒe nyonyo: Parkinson ƒe dɔléle kple synucleinopathies siwo do ƒome kplii do ƒome kplikplikpli kple α-synuclein ƒe lãkusi ƒe kadodo kple eƒe ƒuƒoƒo ƒe nɔnɔmewo. Stefaniak ƒe numekuku ɖo kpe edzi be SS-31 ate ŋu aʋuʋu gbemelã ƒomevi kple N-nuwuƒe acetylated α-synuclein siaa tso monolayer vesicles sue siwo me charge manyomanyo le me le agbɔsɔsɔme si wozãna nu, axe mɔ ɖe α-synuclein ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si membrane hena vɛ nu, eye wòatrɔ eƒe fibrillar ƒe nɔnɔme. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, SS-31 gbugbɔa synuclein ƒe ʋuʋu tso ʋuka sue siwo me dzoxɔxɔ manyomanyo le me, xea mɔ na α-synuclein ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si lãkusi hena vɛ, eye wòtrɔa eƒe fibrillar ƒe nɔnɔme. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, SS-31 ateŋu agbugbɔ synuclein ƒe ʋuʋu - tso unilamellar vesicles sue siwo me dzoxɔxɔ gbegblẽ le me, axe mɔ na α-SNIP ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si membrane hena vɛ, eye wòatrɔ eƒe fibrillar ƒe nɔnɔme. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, SS-31 gbugbɔ mitochondria ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si gblẽ le neuroblastoma lãmenugbagbevi siwo wotsɔ α-SNIP oligomers da dɔe me eye wòxe mɔ na lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe oligomers siawo xɔxɔ. Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo siawo te gbe ɖe SS-31 ƒe ametakpɔnu geɖe siwo wòkpɔna ɖe mitochondrial ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie si α-synuclein ƒe ƒuƒoƒo hena vɛ ŋu, si na wòle ɖoƒe si wòle be wòaɖe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie siwo do ƒome kple α-synuclein ƒe babla vodadatɔe kple eƒe ƒuƒoƒo dzi akpɔtɔ ^[6]..

Dzitodzito me Dɔléle ƒe Domenyinyi

Mitochondria ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ ƒe Nyonyome le Dzidɔlélawo Me: Wonya be mitochondria ƒe tɔtrɔ gbegblẽwo nɔa dzidɔlélawo ŋu. Numekukuwo da dɔ na ventricular tissue yeye siwo do kpo nu kple esiwo medo kpo nu le ex vivo o tso ɖeviwo kple ame tsitsi siwo ŋu SS-31 le gbɔ, wodzidze mitochondrial oxygen flux, complex (C)I kple CIV ƒe dɔwɔwɔ, kple gel-based activity of supercomplex assembly. Nusiwo ŋu Chatfield ke ɖo ɖee fia be mitochondria ƒe dɔwɔwɔ gblẽ le amegbetɔ ƒe dzi siwo le kpo dom nu. Le SS-31 zazã megbe la, mitochondrial oxygen sisi, CI kple CIV ƒe dɔwɔwɔ, kple CIV ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si do ƒome kple supercomplex assembly nyo ɖe edzi ŋutɔ, si ɖee fia be SS-31 doa mitochondrial ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖe ŋgɔ nyuie le amegbetɔ ƒe dzi siwo le kpo dom nu eye ateŋu ade nu dzi ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie me ^[7]..

Barth Dɔléle ƒe Dzitodzito me Dɔléle ƒe Atikewɔwɔ: Barth ƒe dɔléle nye dɔléle si mebɔ o eye ate ŋu awu ame si do ƒome kple X, si ƒe dzesi enye vidzĩwo ƒe ku geɖe eye wòyia edzi va zua dzitodzito me dɔléle si me dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie le vevie. SS-31 nye tetrapeptide si me tsi le, si ʋẽna lilili, si nye cationic, si woɖo taɖodzinu na mitochondrial, si gena ɖe mitochondria ƒe lãkusi ememetɔ me bɔbɔe eye wònɔa teƒe ɖeka hena ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe. Edoa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe lãmesẽ ɖe ŋgɔ eye wòɖea oxidative stress dzi kpɔtɔna to ŋusẽ ƒe wɔwɔme dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ kple oxygen ƒomevi siwo wɔa dɔ fũu akpa ƒe wɔwɔme nutsitsi me. Sabbah numekuku ɖee fia be SS-31 nana mitochondrial bioenergetics kple morphology nyona ɖe edzi kabakaba le lãmenugbagbevi siwo ŋu ŋusẽ geɖe le siwo woɖe tso dɔnɔ siwo ŋu Barth ƒe dɔlélea le me. Nyatakaka siwo tso dɔléle vovovowo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo me ɖee fia be ŋugbedodo le SS-31 ŋu be enye atike si woate ŋu azã na dɔnɔ siwo ŋu Barth ƒe dzitodzito me dɔléle le, si ɖe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi si dzena etɔxɛe fia le amesiwo ŋu wokpɔ be dzitodzito me dɔléle le ŋu. Ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ si anɔ anyi ɖaa ɖe dzitodzito me dɔléle ƒe ŋgɔyiyi dzi esime wòle miameʋuka siwo do kpo nu ƒe tɔtrɔ ɖe megbe vivivi le xexeame katã, lãmenugbagbeviwo, kple molecule ƒe seƒewo ^{[1] .} .

Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Dɔléle ƒe Domenyinyi: Woɖe atikewɔwɔ ƒe ŋutete fia le lãkusidɔ me. Zhang X ƒe numekukua zã mouse supraspinatus tendinopathy ƒe kpɔɖeŋu, eye wòma mice 126 (afɔ 252) ɖe dodokpɔ ƒe hatsotso ade me. Nusiwo do tso Zhang X me ɖee fia be lãkusi ƒe gbagbã ƒe ŋusẽ dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ le eƒe ƒoƒo megbe ne wotsɔe sɔ kple lãkusi siwo me gblẽ o. Wotrɔ ɖiɖi sia ƒe akpa aɖe le clamp ɖeɖeɖa, SS-31 zazã, alo atikewɔwɔ ƒokpli megbe, eye sesẽme hã ɖe nɔnɔme ma tɔgbe fia. Lãmetsiŋutinunya me dzodzro ɖe Bonar ƒe dzesi siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le si lolo wu fia le ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa me, evɔ atikewɔwɔ ƒokpli ya trɔ nɔnɔme ƒe tɔtrɔ siwo va le lãkusia me ƒe akpa aɖe. Ƒuƒoƒo si ŋu wògblẽ nu le la ɖe mitochondrial ƒe xexlẽme dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ fia eye wòtrɔ cristae ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ kple woƒe kpekpeme. Le clamp ɖeɖeɖa kple/alo SS-31 zazã megbe la, mitochondria ƒe wɔwɔme kple agbɔsɔsɔme va sɔ, eye cristae ƒe nɔnɔme nyo ɖe edzi. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ le ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi megbe ne wotsɔe sɔ kple amesiwo ŋu wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo gake edzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ le atikewɔwɔ vɔ megbe, vevietɔ le atikewɔwɔ ƒokpli ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa me. Domenyiŋusẽfianu si do ƒome kple mitochondria dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ le ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa me gake egafɔ ɖe te le atikewɔwɔ vɔ megbe. Esia ɖee fia be SS-31, abe mitochondrial takpɔnu ene, nana mitochondria ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyona ɖe edzi eye wòdoa lãkusi ƒe dɔyɔyɔ ɖe ŋgɔ, eye wòwɔa dɔ nyuie wu ne wotsɔe kpe ɖe subacromial impingement removal ŋu. Eléa atikewɔwɔ ƒe ŋutete nyui ɖe asi na supraspinatus tendinopathy [8].

Nyanuwuwuw

SS-31 (Elamipretide), abe tetrapeptide si woɖo taɖodzinu na mitochondrial ene, ɖoa mitochondrial ƒe dɔwɔwɔ takpɔkpɔ kple abi si woxɔna le ɖoɖo vovovowo me dzadzraɖo gbɔ. Ebla ɖe phosphatidylserine ŋu le mitochondrial membrane ememetɔ me, si naa membrane ƒe wɔwɔme kple ŋutete li ke, edoa gbɔgbɔtsixe ƒe kɔsɔkɔsɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖe ŋgɔ be wòado ATP wɔwɔ ɖe ŋgɔ, eye wònaa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe asitɔtrɔ nyona ɖe edzi. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, etea oxygen ƒomevi siwo wɔa dɔ fũu akpa (ROS) ƒe dzidzi ɖe to, enaa antioxidant enzyme ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzina ɖe edzi, eye wòɖea oxidative stress ƒe nugbegblẽ dzi kpɔtɔna. Le dɔdzẽ ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ gome la, exea mɔ na NF-κB kple NLRP3 inflammasome ƒe dɔwɔwɔ, si ɖea pro-inflammatory factor ƒe dodo dzi kpɔtɔna. Etrɔa asi le autophagy mɔwo ŋu, tea apoptosis ɖe to, eye wòléa mitochondrial homeostasis me ɖe asi to mɔ siwo do ƒome kplii dzi. Nuwɔna siawo naa viɖe nyuiwo dona le dɔléle siwo me mitochondria ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie le le dzitodzito, ahɔhɔ̃mekawo, kple lãmekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ me.

Le Agbalẽŋlɔla La Ŋu

Nusiwo míeyɔ ɖe etame la katã nye esiwo ŋu Cocer Peptides wɔ numekuku le, trɔ asi le wo ŋu eye woƒo wo nu ƒu.

Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe Agbalẽŋlɔla

Kathryn C. Chatfield nye numekula le Colorado Yunivɛsiti ƒe Atikewɔwɔ Suku, si do ƒome kple Ðeviwo ƒe Dɔlélewo Kple Atikewɔwɔ Dɔwɔƒewo/Dzidɔŋutinunya ƒe Dɔwɔƒe. Eƒe susu nɔa ɖeviwo ƒe dzidɔ kple mitochondrial biology ŋu, eye wòkua nu me le mɔnu siwo dzi dzia wɔa dɔ le kple dɔlélewo ŋu. Ewɔ akpa gã aɖe le dɔa me to agbalẽnyalagãwo ƒe agbalẽwo kple nuwɔwɔ aduadu me, eye wonya eƒe dɔa be edo dzitodzito ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋuti nugɔmesese ɖe ŋgɔ kple atikewɔwɔmɔnu siwo ate ŋu anɔ anyi. Woŋlɔ Kathryn C. Chatfield ŋkɔ ɖe nyayɔyɔ ƒe nyatakaka me [7].

▎ Nyayɔyɔ Siwo Sɔ

[1] Sabat HN. Elamipretide na Barth ƒe dzitodzito me dɔléle: elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ si do kpo nu la gbugbɔgatu vivivi. Dzidɔ Ŋuti Numekukuwo Ƒe 2022; 27 (5): 1911-1923.DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10177-8.

[2] Mitchell W, Ng E. A., Tamucci J. D., kple ame bubuwo. Molecular Mechanism of Action of Mitochondrial Therapeutic SS-31 (Elamipretide): Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe kadodo kple ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe anyigbadzi elektrikŋusẽ dzi. Biorxiv 2019. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202016574. Eƒe lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ.

[3] Zhao W, Xu Z, Cao J, kple ame bubuwo. Elamipretide (SS-31) naa mitochondrial ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie, synaptic kple ŋkuɖodzinu ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie si lipopolysaccharide hena vɛ le mice me nyona ɖe edzi. Ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe Dɔléle Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ 2019; 16(1): 230.DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1627-9.

[4] Zhang H, Chen Y, Li F, kple ame bubuwo. Elamipretide ɖea pyroptosis dzi kpɔtɔna le aklã si xɔ abi vevie me to mɔxexe ɖe cPLA2-si na lysosomal membrane permeabilization nu. Ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe Dɔléle Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ 2023; 20(1): 6.DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02690-4.

[5] Tse B. C., Dvoriantchikova G, Tao W, kple ame bubuwo. Mitochondrial taɖodzinu ƒe atikewɔwɔ kple elamipretide (MTP-131) abe kpeɖeŋutɔ na tumor necrosis factor inhibition na traumatic optic neuropathy le nɔnɔme sesẽ me. Dodokpɔ Ŋku Ŋuti Numekuku 2020; 199: 108178.DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108178.

[6] Stefaniak E, Cui B, Sun K, Yan X, Teng X, Ying L. Atikewɔwɔ Peptide SS-31 Trɔa asi le $alpha$-Synuclein ƒe Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Babla Kple Eƒe Nuƒoƒoƒu Ŋu eye wògbugbɔa Mitochondrial ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ si Gblẽa Nu Gbugbɔgaɖoanyi. Biorxiv 2024. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID: 271162443. Ƒe 1999 ƒe ɣleti gbãtɔ me.

[7] Chatfield K. C., Sparagna G. C., Chau S., kple ame bubuwo. Elamipretide Na Mitochondrial ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ Nyui Ðe Edzi Le Amegbetɔ ƒe Dzi Si Le Do kpo Nu Me. Jacc-Basic na Gbegɔmeɖeɖe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya 2019; 4(2): 147-157.DOI: 10.1016 / j.jacbts.2018.12.005.

[8] Zhang X, Bowen E, Zhang M, Szeto HH, Deng XH, Rodeo S. A., kple ame bubuwo. SS-31 abe Mitochondrial Takpɔnu le Tendinopathy Dada me: Dzodzro le Murine Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Kpɔɖeŋu me. Journal of Ƒu kple Ƒunukpeƒewo ƒe Amekoko-Amerikatɔwo ƒe Babla 2022; 104 (21): 1886-1894.DOI: 10.2106 / JBJS.21.01449.

NYATAKAKAWO KPLE NUSIWO WOTSƆ ƑE NYATAKAKA SIWO KAtã WOÐO LE NYATAKAKADZRAÐOƑE SIA ME LA KPLE NYATAKAKAWO kaka KPLEE NUFIAFIA ƑE TAÐOÐOWO KO.  

Wotrɔ asi le atike siwo wona le nyatakakadzraɖoƒe sia ŋu na numekuku le vitro ɖeɖeko. Wowɔa numekuku le vitro (Latingbe me: *le ahuhɔ̃e me*, si gɔmee nye le ahuhɔ̃e me) le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã godo. Atike siawo menye atikewo o, United States ƒe Nuɖuɖu Kple Atike Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe (FDA) meda asi ɖe wo dzi o, eye mele be woazã wo atsɔ axe mɔ ɖe atikewɔwɔ, dɔléle, alo dɔléle aɖeke nu, adae, alo adae o. Se de se vevie be woatsɔ atike siawo ade amegbetɔ alo lãwo ƒe ŋutilã me le mɔ ɖesiaɖe nu.